Historical influence of opium war 鸦片战争的影响

Affect

  Political and diplomatic

The Opium War of the victory reflects the huge gap between the Eastern and Western technology to military based. "Opium War occurred means that China refused to participate in the diplomatic equality and trade on the basis of the family of nations, a result, the British use of force." Historian John King Fairbank wrote: "Great Chinese Revolution" was the only pole few figures such as Lin, Wei Yuan, began to notice the progress of Western science and technology, and to write books to introduce Western things, but the court, including the vast majority of people, and not a result of the Opium War changed the views of the West, not to mention learning has always been underestimated. "barbarians". After the defeat of the Qing court and did not make it to reform, but continues to pursue a conservative policy of retreat, causing later the Second Opium War, the Westernization Movement, such as self-reliance for national salvation movement.
Enjoy MFN countries have asked for this provision, the Qing government lost a privilege in a country, could mean the loss of the privilege in the powers, the Qing court diplomatic at a disadvantage vulnerable position. Warships moored Port privileges Britain a five treaty ports in warship, after the commercial harbor more open more penetrated the mainland, the defense threatened. Hong Kong Island was ceded to the United Kingdom, to open foreign precedent for cede territory in the later war claimed more land to foreign Chinese territory lost complete. The consular jurisdiction so that China loses its judicial sovereignty, foreigners breaking the law is not the Chinese legal sanctions, the the Qing government can not control the illegal activities of foreigners in China.
Opium War, China to sign unequal treaties start a war actually signed up to five treaties were "Guangzhou contracts", the Nanjing Treaty, the "Mong Ha Treaty, the" Humen treaty "and" Treaty " which Whampoa Treaty in France to obtain Missionary penetrate the Chinese traditional culture; the Americans more made by the "Wangxia Treaty extraterritoriality. This allows the later Qing Empire and foreign powers signed the more unreasonable unequal treaties, so the decline in China's international status, but to cede territory and reparations for the Qing Empire is the first time the. These unequal treaties to a century after the end of World War II in 1943, was able to formally abolished.

"The economy and people's livelihood

China's foreign policy after the war is still to "Jimi". Unequal reaction of the "Nanjing Treaty" is not intense, but equal system of Chinese and British files uneasy. Economic, foreign trade is the rapid growth of the Chinese market, but also open to foreign.
Tsusho after five, the Qing Dynasty, the customs and tax rates British control, tariff sovereignty damage, the imports only smoke low rate of five percent, a large number of foreign goods dumping China can not protect the interests of the domestic industry and commerce in China. Continue to sell opium smokers increasing outflow of silver, the price of silver rose Silver Expensive situation is more serious. The significant increase in British goods imported into China, in 1837, UK exports to China, the total value of goods for more than 90 million pounds to 1845 has reached 2,390,004 thousand pounds. Serious blow to China's national industry and commerce, the originally problematic social economy worse.
Newly opened five treaty ports in the Yangtze Delta, Shanghai closest major export supplies of silk and tea origin, and is located in the affluent district of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, is also in the middle of the north-south shipping station, the Anglo-American businessman original in Guangzhou and its hired comprador floodgates opened Matheson. Anglo and France have been established along the Yellow River Concession, and continues to expand, the formation of the Shanghai International Settlement and French Concession of Shanghai. Later, the path of the center of the Shanghai International Settlement was named to commemorate the Nanjing Treaty "open Shanghai Nanjing Road. [Citation needed]

Peace Treaty signed 条约的签订

Qing retreat, the Emperor Daoguang faction seniors and Yili Bu imperial envoys, meetings and negotiations with the British army. August 4, 1842, the British warship to sail the Nanjing Shimonoseki river, Pottinger threat to limit the date of the scheduled meeting, otherwise fired siege, seniors and Yili Bu had to fully accept the terms proposed by the British. August 29, 1842, Britain signed the Treaty of Nanking, the end of the war.

The Qing government was forced to contract negotiations with the British Government in the Jinghai Temple in Nanjing, the two sides were meeting about four times in the temple.
On August 29, Chinese Qing government accepted all the meetings and the terms proposed by the United Kingdom, in Her Majesty's flagship Khan China "(translation the Kanghua Li), formally signed the first unequal treaty of modern China, the Sino-British Treaty of Nanking." meet most of the requirements in the United Kingdom.

Hong Kong Island was ceded to Britain
"Shanghai, Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo, the top five ports forced open to British trade and residence.

Powers do not want to grow in power and have more unequal treaties signed with China.

July 3, 1844, China and the United States signed a the Treaty of Wangxia.
October 24, 1844, France and China signed the "Treaty", the right to consular jurisdiction and Missionary.
October 8, 1843, the British signed Humen Treaty, re-stipulated the MFN status enjoyed by the British and the consular jurisdiction.

The war started until end 战争的经过

1st Stage

The outbreak of the war, the Chinese side only, as the British army as a barbarian, not considered a threat. In June 1840, the British commander, Chief Plenipotentiary Yi the law led troops reach the the Guangzhou sea, and in accordance with the instructions of the British Foreign Secretary Palmerston in the blockade of the Pearl River Estuary, northward offensive Zhoushan.On July 5, the British began to attack the the strategic importance Dinghai county, formal outbreak of the Opium War. July 6, Dinghai fall. Is the service, the number of British troops flagship "Marley take" the Dai of Qu Yang Baimu field reef ran aground and ripped through the bottom of the boat, "Wei Lishi" became the flagship. (China has said that the British troops the reason North guilty of Zhejiang, because being prepared already in the local operations of Lin repulsed, after turning to attack Xiamen, was also Fujian and Zhejiang Governor, Deng beat British instruction from the start offensive Dinghai August, the ship arrived in Tianjin Dagu estuary, originally advocated war Emperor Daoguang, seeing the ship approaching, it began to shake. Aug. 20, Emperor Daoguang Section of Electricity British book, Qi Shan convey Englishman allow Tsusho and punish Lin Zexu, in order to obtain the HMS Withdrawal and faction Qi Shan south Guangzhou negotiations. October, Qi Shan Acting Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Zexu, Deng was dismissed December, Qi Shan Bao through a private translation Peng Elliot negotiations to stall for time. Elliot lose patience decided postwar again to January 7, 1841, the British suddenly captured Humen bighorn Shajiao fort, the Qing garrison killed or injured more than 700 people, teachers boats, tugs Shen destroyed 11. Qishan forced to give signed "Chuanbi grass about Elliot Lin Zexu was exiled to Xinjiang, although his letter to Emperor Daoguang force words must be non-smoking and attention Haiphong so was Emperor Daoguang dismissed a nonsense. But Chuanbi grass about from beginning to end and without the approval of the emperor of China, Qi Shan did not cover with the relevant anti-India, the treaty have no legal effect.

2nd Stage

Britain too harsh as well as unauthorized signing of Qi Shan, Emperor Daoguang much dissatisfaction the Emperor Daoguang sweep the Qishan raid dismissed send Yishan, LONG Wen and Yang Fang went to Guangdong directing operations.Elliot strike first as strong, Humen Fort attack on February 23, 1841, Guangdong Admiral Guan Tianpei rate of Jingyuan the fort officers and men struggling to resist, but still lost to British the Humen Fort final the fall. May 21, Yishan make water the Army more than 1,700 people the Clippers dispatched men traveling in the night, the night attack British ship pull out rocket Pentong, throw and burned in the fire. The next morning, British troops counterattack, 2400 Qing rout. Within four days, near Guangzhou, total loss of more than 18,000 Qing best retirement city, the chaos and Yishan put up a white flag summation signed the "Guangzhou about", not only led the troops to evacuate Guangzhou, also extortion Guangzhou businesses to the British the Army paid a fee of 600 million silver dollars ransom City. British forces also withdraw the money after the Guangzhou. Guangzhou during the civil anti-British sentiment, Sanyuanli Anti-British event. Yishan in order not to punishment by the Emperor, they false exploits, or even the Battle of Waterloo as victory.

3th Stage

The British Government considers Chuanbi grass received about equity too few to replace Elliot reassignment Pottinger Huawei Plenipotentiary to expand in China's front. August 27, 1841, the British again northward, the fall of Gulangyu, Xiamen, Dinghai, Zhenhai (Ningbo) and Zhapu (Zhejiang Pinghu). Dinghai is the second break, Chief General Ge Yunfei and 4,000 officers and men killed, British forces also suffered heavy losses. British forces brief truce after the battle subsided. January 1842 offensive in central Taiwan, was the Road, Yao Ying, Taiwan and Taiwan Town Chief Dahong A repulsed. However, the British reinstall again assembled to attack the Yangtze portal Wusong, Jiangnan prefect Chen into his troops to adhere West Fort the Two Rivers Governor bovine Kam desire and ordered a retreat rejected. Cattle Kam fled, East Fort compromised, Chen into men clinging West fort, fighting alone, until killed. The Wusong defeat British troops warships into the Yangtze. July 21 more than 6600, the British defeated the Zhenjiang outside Green Camp defenders, the more the city into the room, with the 1500 Mongolia Eight Banners soldiers street fighting, the British dead 37 people injured 129 people, about 600 criminals dead, Fudu Tong Hai Age suicide. The entire city to brutally Fenlue, ruins. Zhenjiang across the Yangzhou business people, panic-stricken, five hundred and two thousand ransom city fee to pay to the British army, against military occupation. August 4, the British almost equal to Nanjing, to win the Grand Canal with the confluence of the Yangtze River in Zhenjiang, blocking water transport, the Qing government in a disadvantageous position, the Daoguang Emperor quick to summing decision.

The eve of opium war 鸦片战争的前夕

In July 1839, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon village Lin Weixi case. Drunkenness in the village, the British sailor killed villagers Lin Weixi The Lin Zexu requirements the British Commercial Director Elliot to hand over the murderer and Elliot was lenient sentence of trouble.

August 15, Lin ordered a ban on all trade, sending troops moved into Macau, further expulsion of the British. Exit. The matter thus become the fuse of the Opium War. October 1, the British Cabinet stuck to business and British people life is threatened grounds, made the decision "to send the fleet to the China Sea", although not entitled to store in the Chinese territory in accordance with Chinese law British opium.

January 5, 1840, Lin Emperor Daoguang decree, announced the lockout, the cut off for ever and British trade. January 8 nest pull the suspect, "the captain announced blockade, since January 15, the Guangzhou Port and the mouth of the Pearl River. January 16, Queen Victoria, in his speech to Congress, that is closely pay attention to the British interests in China and national dignity.

The events that occurred in China, has caused our subjects with the country's trade relations interrupted, I already very serious attention to, and will continue to pay attention to the events that affected our subjects interests with royal dignity.

In February, the British government appointed Yi laws and Elliot as positive / Vice Plenipotentiary, Yi law for the Commander of British Forces.

In April, the British Parliament this heated debate, through military action, under the influence of Queen Victoria, and the final 271 votes to 262 votes, the British government had not yet formally declared war, that military action is only a form of retaliation (reprisal), not war .

In June, the British ships led by Yi law more than 40 ships and 4,000 motorized fleet of the soldiers from India to reach the Chinese sea, marking the first Opium War officially began.

The underlying reasons for British troops, according to the analysis of Lodz Murphy, the opportunity to have free trade with the huge Chinese market, and thus be able to directly enter the Chinese market. And hope that the Qing government to be able to recognize that Britain is equal countries. Non-equality of Foreign Affairs of China due to the traditional world order, five tributary system to heavenly arrogance itself, so that Britain can not tolerate suffered contempt or neglect and marginalization, China's attitude at the time the international community has entered the modern world seem out of tune. The United Kingdom to China rejected as backward, some Westerners have a necessity to resort to force China into the modern world of mission that the benefit of both parties will. It is both arrogant and led to the outbreak of a head-on collision.

Historical significance of Humenxiaoyan 虎门销烟的影响

Humenxiaoyan wake the one hand, then a lot of patriotic people of insight, they began to reflect the new positioning of China's position in the world is no longer a "heavenly country" itself. On the other hand, also significantly inhibited the British opium trade in China, a heavy blow to the plunder of the British bourgeoisie in China trade, show the firm determination of the Chinese People's smoking ban, and the awakening of consciousness.
In addition, this event has become an example of the world's anti-smoking campaign, many national, regional history, combined with their own situation this to follow suit, to inhibit the proliferation of drugs.
The victory of the of Lin Zexu leading anti-smoking campaign, maintaining the dignity and interests of the Chinese nation. The "Humenxiaoyan important historical examples against imperialism, but also the history of mankind in the modern history of China, the unheralded feat. Historians believe that it showed the determination of the Chinese nation against foreign aggression, has a symbolic significance of the Chinese people against foreign aggression.

Historical influence of Humenxiaoyan 虎门销烟的历史意义

Humenxiaoyan some extent to curb the proliferation of opium in China, has had a positive impact in the folk. Secondly, the anti-smoking campaign has greatly increased the understanding of the majority of Chinese people on the dangers of opium, a lot of people to see the essence of the British opium trade to China, to awaken people's sense of patriotism. After this incident, Non-Smoking hero Lin Zexu been revered as a national hero. Its corruption, marked by integrity and the quality is also very descendants lips. However, Humenxiaoyan "and there is no effective rescue China veering British aggression against China but to accelerate. The reason is that the anti-smoking campaign directly damage the interests of the British bourgeoisie, the British government quickly decided to launch a long-planned war of aggression against China, "Humenxiaoyan foreign powers launched the Opium War" has become the fuse. From this perspective, "Humenxiaoyan" accelerate the pace of China's semi-colonial, largely promoted the development of China's modern history.

Destroy opium start! 虎门销烟的开始

April 22 (1839), Humenxiaoyan officially began, Humen erected a ceremony desk, hangs from the side in front of the yellow damask long streamers, a letter to the "imperial envoys have taken it for granted to the Secretary of State for the investigation and handling of Guangdong Haikou moderation amphibious battalion GovernorMinistry Church ", Guangdong senior officials all attended. Sell ​​cigarettes to the open house, plus before and after the Dragon Boat Festival, people flocked to the the Humen shallows. Foreign trafficking opium, consular, and foreign reporters, missionaries, etc., made ​​a special trip from Macau or elsewhere come to visit, which is no Englishman, to protest against the Qing government to suppress the British property.

Which C · W · gold with the same family does not stall opium American missionaries Bridgman, master mariner Benten Johnson and other people do not believe Lin Zexu a way to destroyed all opium complete, and so come to the field research. The Lin Zexu simply give them into the side of the pool, the to direct foreign observers details see sell cigarettes along the way to explain. To be to watch the whole process, after repeated visits, were completely convinced, to Lin Zexu Hats off. Later, missionaries Bridgman describes serving Chinese Repository.
Macau Monthly, Quarterly Review, "Singapore Free Press, Guangzhou discipline Times and other foreigners newspaper MILLIONS bats the continuous the reported Humenxiaoyan, and foreigners get has nothing to do with the opium trade support affirmed. The British also incident while prices rose, especially rice, silk and silver.

The Macanese government also regarding the opium ban considerable cooperation, Portuguese merchants all promise not to stall opium welcome Lin Zexu person investigating and handling. The Lin Zexu So a statement, not only Portuguese merchants normal trade to China trade will be protected, will never be bullied.

Them from April 22 to May 10 (June 20, 1839), the destruction of a total of 2,376,250 ten pounds of opium, a small number of opium to transport capital as a sample, and then destroyed.

The method to destroy opium 销毁鸦片的方法

The Scene when destroy opium

The pool when destroy the opium

The way of the law of the sea flooding at the beach to pick dug two pools, the bottom of the pool pavement, leakage of the anti-opium surrounded nail plate, and then dig a ditch. Pour the brine into the ditch, into the pool. Then cut into the opium four, poured into brine Soak half a day, and then put into lime, lime water will be boiling, opium dissolved. The soldiers take a wooden rake and stop stirring in the pool, in order to opium completely dissolved in water. To be at low tide, the water is sent ocean, scrubbing the bottom of the pool with water, leaving no trickle-down.

All the opium must gave out 列强国缴交全部鸦片

Humenxiaoyan scene showcase
(Fuzhou the Lin Zexu ancestral hall)

DaoGuang dynasty, February 16th, nineteen years (April 10, 1839), Lin, Deng and Guangdong Customs supervision Yu-kun arrived by boat, Humen, in conjunction with the Guangdong Admiral Guan Tianpei acceptance opium. Yanfan Shajiao pay smoke receipts issued in Louisa number. Lin Zexu and proposed to pay out a box of opium, and the reward of tea jin.
Pay smoke

Tobacco companies in the United States and the Netherlands promised to never again trafficking opium, Elliot from destruction, pay the smoke away opium on the way to delay payment of the smoke time again for various reasons. Lin Zexu, will be counted on the meter, and also to extend the blockade Thirteen time Elliot frustration in full payment of the smoke. March 19 (May 12, 1839), the folk pay a smoke finished arrested drug users, Yanfan 1,600 people, the confiscated tobacco paste four hundred sixty-one thousand five hundred twenty-six two, bong forty thousand two thousand seven hundred forty-one Smokeless two hundred and twelve. April sixth days (May 18, 1839), Yanfan pay smoke is completed, received a total of nineteen thousand one hundred eighty-seven crates and two thousand one hundred and nineteen bags. April 11 (May 23, 1839), Lan Shi Lu Dent British traders were deported the next day Elliot will also Thirteen British evacuated Macau.

Destruction of Lin Zexu wanted opium shipped back to the capital destroyed, however the Yu Shi Dengying that was secretly replaced the anti-opium destroyed on the spot better, Emperor Daoguang agree. The Lin Zexu decided public sell cigarettes in Humen, Next Lin Zexu is necessary to identify the destruction of opium. The Lin Zexu had used traditional destruction of opium opium mixed with tung oil burned Act, cream I would seep into the ground, drug addicts dig dug, still have ten twenty-three. So find the second method "sea flooding method." Lin Zexu.

The eve of Humenxiaoyan 虎门销烟的前夕

Dynasty, the first month of Christmas 19 years (March 10, 1839), Lin came to Guangdong, a nine-gun salute ceremony to meet senior officials of Guangdong Province. American businessman William Henderson near the reviewing stand, he left the Lin Zexu look important file: "dignified bearing, very serious expression, fat, upper lip, thick black mustache, chin to keep long beard , it seems that around the age of 60. "Lin Zexu first visited Yuehua College, not to mention an associated:" be tolerant to diversity, tolerance is a steeply Chihiro no desire is just. "

Opium bribery will be able to impress the new Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu officials migraine history as nothing, as the money, he has qualified for all tobacco companies to give up after three days of opium trafficking opium, and sign an affidavit of sound that guarantee: "heir Later boat Wing dare entrainment opium, if brought, once identified, the goods are not formal Buddhist love Gan pleaded guilty." some tobacco companies succumb to hand over the opium, but most of the tobacco companies, including officials, Clerk of the investigation and processing is no movement. The Lin Zexu claimed: "If opium day is not absolute, problem sworn wearing Minister always off not pause the reason." Lin Zexu does not leave the hands of the servants Clerks intellectual scholars on the same side with him, The Lin Zexu conjunction with the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, Deng, Guangdong Admiral off day training in Guangzhou planning non-smoking. Zhao Yuexiu College, the Yuehua College, Guangzhou University three Oscar six "exam" Gongyuan one hundred forty students.

This naming exam, in fact, the survey questions:
1 opium distribution center and the operating system name;
2. Retailers;
3 Non smoking shortcomings;
4. Prohibited by law. '
Due to the the Lin Zexu main list all of the tobacco companies and corrupt officials.

Smoking During Lin wrote a note, wrote to Queen Victoria, I asked the Queen to knowingly opium territory harmful, including London, Scotland and Ireland do not produce opium, non-nationals (Note: In fact, the non-smoking British opium only introduced in 1912 Opium Convention "). within their jurisdiction India planting opium production, by the state and the opium trade in China. requirements queen delete opium in India and to inform the Queen has been through a" threat "non-opium Ordinance a total ban on smoking, the to abandon opium trade to British nationals.

Foreign tobacco companies to pay a small amount of opium the Lin Zexu cross the end, to be applied to promote measures, the command said: you have to carefully consider the establishment of the Commission to make a report within seven days after the reply. The Lin Zexu very angry, and ordered the tobacco companies to produce opium, or ten o'clock, the next day, went to the 13 trials foreign tobacco companies. United States

The tobacco companies Humenxiaoyan said prevention the Lin Zexu Yuansui instructions Lanshi Lu Dengte. After 30 days, the tobacco company's decision is a symbol of sexual intercourse, 1037 chests of opium. So, Deng Xiaoping ordered the blockade surrounded by the Guangzhou Marine intent the XIII, Lan Lu Dengte escape capture Deng.

Commercial Director Elliot's time, he heard thirteen siege, rushed to Macau to Guangzhou. Eliot see thirteen guarded, they to mention sword broke into the goalkeeper was released, but do not let him out. Lin Zexu ordered 13 China Mobile, cut off communication, there is no water in the food. The thirteen 350 foreigners had to personally go to cooking, washing, make the bed, rub the lamp, fetching water, milking cows, and usually do not do housework hand.
February 11 (March 25, 1839), Eliot yield, willing to work with any formal meet. Guangzhou prefect to meet with him, but Eliot. Lin Zexu Elliot an ultimatum - "Foreign the encyclical speed opium opium draft" condemns Elliott, Elliott (February 14, 1839, March 28) to final 6:00 to obey Lin Zexu command . Lin to Eliot conform encyclical is the smoke of a single payment of 20,283 boxes of inherent Eliot Lin Zexu arrived in Guangzhou on March 10, a total of 18 days, March 28, was forced to agree to pay all opium.

Eliot left, he will not let foreign tobacco company to pay directly opium Lin Zexu, but his first time, and then to the United Kingdom on behalf of Her Majesty's Government to hand over the opium, plus interest, the total freight 20238 chest The former opium. disguised as commercial conflict in Britain and the conflict of the two empires.

BLOCK event is written to the "Nanjing Treaty", and use it as an excuse to get compensation for the six million silver dollars. Treaty "wrote:" Four Qing Dynasty constitutional equality dynasty, and maintain a strong, Guangdong Province, in the February 19 to British consular officials and the people, and threatened to impose a death penalty offense, the life of cables the opium would like to redemption this great emperor quasi of 6,000,000 silver dollar foreign silver subordinated complement the original price.

How's the opium come into China 鸦片是如何进入中国

Trade surplus

Requires a majority of the market as the export of goods, after the industrial revolution in the United Kingdom, and China just to meet this criteria, you can become the dumping ground of the majority of the goods in the UK. Tea, silk, porcelain and other luxury goods produced in China is very popular in the European market, the British want China to open trade. British exports of wool Nicaragua Rongdeng industrial products in China, but they do not favor, the Qianlong emperor even think China nothing lacking, no need to trade with Britain, the Sino-British trade to bring the huge trade deficit for the United Kingdom (into super). In the 18th century, the British introduced the gold standard monetary policy, the Qing court by silver as currency, all trade with China needs versus translated, the British need to be purchased from the European continent silver for trading purposes, the gold and silver buying and selling British profits, so damaged. Tax rates, the UK Importers need to pump a high rate of twenty percent, so much dissatisfaction.


After the Industrial Revolution, the British bourgeoisie tried to sell industrial products to China, an attempt to open the door to China merchandise trade. Until the twenties and thirties of the 19th century, the British trade in China each year remains a surplus of three million taels of silver status. In order to change this negative trade situation, the British bourgeoisie to take diplomatic channels strong representations, failed to achieve their goals, take a despicable means by "-destruction race" method, a large number of special commodity - opium smuggling to China to infinite desire to meet their pursuit of profit.

The analsis between china and capitalism 中国与列强的分析

China(before the war)

Since the early Qing Dynasty to the Opium War, China was still an independent feudal state, this powerful and prosperous country potential from the Qianlong Dynasty presents Chujiang
  First before the Opium War in China and around the situation
Kusakabe of the potential of the river. Feudal system has seriously hampered the development of new productivity. The middle of the Ming Dynasty, the seeds of capitalist development is very slow. Before the Opium War, the combination of small agriculture and cottage industries, self-sufficient economy, always occupy a dominant position in China's social and economic. The land increasingly severe mergers become a common phenomenon in the country. Corrupt officialdom, the feudal autocratic developed to the extreme. Qing government with the "Four Books", "Five Classics" to imprison people's minds on the discontent or appraisal Politics, the implementation of a brutal crackdown. Emptiness, defense and armaments of breakdowns. In foreign relations, the Qing Dynasty long-term, the isolationist policies seriously hamper China's foreign trade and socio-political and economic development.
With the increasing corruption of Qing rule and aggravated exploitation and oppression of the people, the domestic class contradictions increasing intensification of the resistance struggle of the masses of the people come and go. Faced with a deep crisis, the rule of the Qing dynasty in China's feudal society has come to its end.

Capitalism expansion(before the war)

Declining due Qing Dynasty when Britain, France, the United States national capitalism was developing rapidly. Started the industrial revolution in Britain in the 1760s and forties of the 19th century, large industrial machines gradually replaced the handicraft workshop. British industrial development, industrial production rose sharply, "the expanding needs of the market for products, driven bourgeois running around the world", trying to find new resources and products of living space.

France is a capitalist country second only to the United Kingdom, on the eve of the Opium War, the French industrial production ranks second in the world. U.S. on the eve of the Opium War of capitalist industry is not well developed, but it is on the upswing. In the 1830s, the the American bourgeois positive southern looting the land of the Indians and Mexicans, exclude the European capitalist forces in Latin America, full control of the market, therefore, not enough power in the United States in the mid-19th century infringement upon China. The United States acts as a the British invaders helper, following the British invasion of China. The 1861 Russian serfdom reform, capitalist industry and commerce is developing rapidly. Russia eyeing watching from the north of China, ready to seize the Chinese territory.

In the 1840s, the Western capitalist countries to bring the glory of the Industrial Revolution, flourishing. Competition for sources of raw materials in order to expand the commodity markets, the Western powers have stepped up to conquer colonial activities, neighboring countries and adjacent areas, in succession to become their colonies or spheres of influence. China under as the ancient the feudal Confucian enslaving Education, a vast country, naturally become the object of colonialist aggression and expansion options. .

Harmful effects of opium 吸食鸦片带来的坏处

When opiates are long-term fixed-taking, its patients and its addictive. Addict as long as the effect of opiates retreat will feel uncomfortable and must be taking opiates again, if addicts may very sick. Also, with taking the increase in the number of times of dosage must be increased, because the person's body interested opium resistant, and thus only the higher doses in order to achieve the desired effect of taking by. The best quality programs for the treatment of opium addiction, opiates gradually reduced, the opiates after artificial opiate substitution to produce fewer side effects; continuous need to reduce the dose of artificial opium, until no longer addictive.

How to collect opium? 怎样采集鸦片

Usually full growth in fruit is not yet ripe, the peel is still green or yellow slightly now (the milk in the highest morphine content), using a sharp knife or a special serrated cuts is shallow, sunny evening, cut peel (straight cut or oblique cut) will spread peel organized by the Ministry of milk tube cut, white milk that is self-slotted oozing into droplets,

Becomes gradually in the air by the reddish brown, and gradually solidified into a viscous substance,

The following morning scraped bamboo oiled grate or Zhudao, each fruit can be scraped opium 3 to 4 times. The shaven opium poppy leaves wrapped dried in dark places.

The usage of opium in Medical 鸦片在医学上的运用

》 Analgesic effect
Significant analgesic effect of morphine and highly selective analgesic, not only the patient's consciousness is unaffected, there is also the other senses. The effectiveness of the persistent pain (chronic pain) than its intermittent sharp pain. Such as increasing the dose of sharp pain. Analgesic principles in addition to increasing the pain threshold, pain response to change is also an important factor. With morphine, the pain stimulus usual feel like tension, fear, and retreat the ordinary proper response already disappeared, the patients' pain, but not bitter. Unpleasant mood often accompanied by pain if they are canceled, the pain will be easier to tolerate. Analgesic effect of codeine is about 1/4 of morphine.

》Hypnotic effects
Hypnotic effects of morphine, but the sleep light and easy to wake up, can not be regarded as a true hypnotics. Codeine does not lead to sleep.

》 Respiratory depression antitussive effect
Highly selective inhibition of morphine on the respiratory center inhibition of breathing has been lower than the analgesic dose. At this time, the respiratory center to reduce the sensitivity of CO2 that can be used to treat breathing difficulties (cardiac asthma). The first performance of respiratory depression frequency reduction at this time due to the depth of greater compensatory role, no amount of ventilation influence. Poisoning due to inhibition of the deepening, the frequency is reduced too much, to increase the depth of breathing also can not be compensated, and severe hypoxia. The paralysis of the respiratory center to the morphine poisoning direct cause of death. Codeine, morphine respiratory depression far lighter.

Role of morphine, the carotid body chemoreceptors reactive improve, which is the result of respiratory depression caused by hypoxia. The morphine poisoning breathing maintaining depends on hypoxic chemoreceptor stimulation. At this point, if inhaled pure oxygen or high concentrations of oxygen, can automatically breathing stopped immediately, and therefore oxygen should provide artificial respiration. Papaverine can function in the carotid sinus and aortic body chemoreceptors the mild excitement breathe, but no great significance in the treatment of

Cough effect of morphine is also very strong, mainly due to the suppression of the cough center. Cough desired dose smaller than the analgesic, e.g. 2 to 4 mg of morphine can produce significant cough effect, while the analgesic need of 5 to 15 mg. Codeine less antitussive role than morphine, but has enough satisfaction, but many shortcomings (no morphine addictive, prone to cause constipation, inhibition of respiration, etc.), so for the most commonly used antitussive. Noscapine has antitussive effect of codeine equal, but no other central inhibition does not produce mental or physical dependence, nor inhibit breathing animals, a large number of anti-excited breathing.

》 Role on the cardiovascular system
Therapeutic doses little role in the supine patient's blood pressure, heart rate and rhythm, no significant effect on the vasomotor center. However, orthostatic hypotension may occur. Morphine diastolic small peripheral blood vessels and the release of histamine. Patient morphine hypovolemia cause hypotension, morphine and phenothiazine drugs synergy of respiratory depression and hypotension caused dangerous. Pulmonary heart patients morphine had caused the death of the report, must be noted.

Papaverine to relax various smooth muscles, particularly in the aortic smooth muscle (including coronary artery, cerebral artery, peripheral artery and the pulmonary artery), the presence of spasm, relaxation effect is more significant. Can be used for peripheral artery or pulmonary embolism. The dog long Shuzhang Guan-like blood vessels and increase the role of the coronary blood flow, but its performance positive inotropic and systolic blood pressure decreased role, it is not sufficient to prevent angina. Large doses depress myocardial conduction and prolong the refractory period, the amount of treatment had no significant effect on the electrocardiogram, high-dose prevents chloroform - adrenaline-induced cardiac fibrillation.

Noscapine also can inhibit smooth muscle and cardiac, but in the antitussive doses, these effects do not appear.

》 Gastrointestinal and other smooth muscle organs
Morphine can cause constipation, mainly due to the gastrointestinal tract and its sphincter to improve the secretion of digestive juice reduced and they intended to slow, making the contents of the gastrointestinal tract forward movement greatly delay. Therapeutic doses of morphine so that biliary pressure increased significantly, and the patient felt abdominal discomfort, and even the occurrence of biliary colic. Biliary spasm, should not be used (or with the use of antispasmodic drugs), morphine make Oddi's sphincter contraction, prevent emptying, thus increasing the tube pressure. The role is far weaker than morphine, codeine inhibit peristalsis are unlikely to cause constipation.
While a large number of morphine can bronchoconstriction, but it is a rare occurrence in the amount of treatment, reports of death of morphine during the occurrence of bronchial asthma, it is disabled morphine.
Papaverine can inhibit intestinal smooth muscle but is very weak, it can not eliminate the bile duct spasm caused by the morphine, methacholine-induced asthma (person) is also invalid.

Miotic effect of morphine, there are significant, as one of the bases of morphine poisoning diagnosis.

》 Other
After repeated morphine tolerance, but only the central inhibition tolerated, analgesic, hypnotic, inhibition of respiration, its excitatory effects and the role of the pupil, smooth muscle, no tolerated. Morphine addiction is often constipation, miosis. General tolerance for taking 2 to 3 weeks after. Tolerated after stopping in a few days to two weeks or less disappeared. As then 2nd tolerated generate faster. Addiction tolerated dose available to ordinary therapeutic dose of 20 to 200 times, and even a daily use 5 grams without poisoning. The tolerated generation was probably due to some nerve tissue reduced sensitivity to morphine.

Where for taking morphine for more than two weeks, the patients can into morphine, and sometimes even served a few days to addiction. After the addiction, the patients in each taking soon euphoria (euphoria of a mood changes in patients in a special "happy" state, carefree, mentally and physically on painful left unchecked, the indifference. Such a special "happy" status is an important reason to cause addiction. correct judgment and reasoning ability also exists in the euphoria of morphine, a critical attitude towards their individual moves and acts at the same time completely saved, kinesiology accessibility, its performance for hi lonely, indulge in fantasies). To not morphine, 5 to 8 hours after signs of serious withdrawal symptoms. Addicts is very sluggish, and the excited state, the extent of up to paroxysmal crying and yelling, constantly begging to be given morphine. Yawning and sneezing, tears exchanges, sweat dripping. Vomiting and diarrhea may also occur. Can not sleep. For 2 to 3 days, so most of the symptoms start to subside. Sometimes also circulatory collapse and loss of consciousness. Such as give sufficient quantity morphine, all withdrawal phenomena disappear immediately. Morphine addiction withdrawal treatment is more difficult, and easy to relapse.
Codeine "euphoric" disease and addiction are very low. Papaverine and noscapine not addictive.

What is OPIUM?? 什么是鸦片

The opium the (English opium the Arabic Afyūm), also known as ‘opioid’, commonly known as opium, from the capsules of the poppy plant, the main alkaloid contained morphine. Opium, black or brown because of different origin; odor of ammonia or stale urine taste, bitter taste and strong odor.Raw opium after cooking and fermentation, can be made of refined opium, brown or golden yellow. Disseminating sweet smell when smoked. Initially as a medicinal opium, drugs are still applications, such as Opium Powder A Pianpian, scattered compound Campanulaceae, bulk prop's A orange segments, mainly for antitussive and antidiarrheal.The opium shape different successful spherical, pie, bricks or irregular-shaped, brown or black, with a waxy external often with poppy leaves or pieces of paper. When fresh, soft, storage course of time, the gradient hard. The smelly specific, with anesthesia, very bitter taste and specific.