Historical influence of opium war 鸦片战争的影响

Affect

  Political and diplomatic

The Opium War of the victory reflects the huge gap between the Eastern and Western technology to military based. "Opium War occurred means that China refused to participate in the diplomatic equality and trade on the basis of the family of nations, a result, the British use of force." Historian John King Fairbank wrote: "Great Chinese Revolution" was the only pole few figures such as Lin, Wei Yuan, began to notice the progress of Western science and technology, and to write books to introduce Western things, but the court, including the vast majority of people, and not a result of the Opium War changed the views of the West, not to mention learning has always been underestimated. "barbarians". After the defeat of the Qing court and did not make it to reform, but continues to pursue a conservative policy of retreat, causing later the Second Opium War, the Westernization Movement, such as self-reliance for national salvation movement.
Enjoy MFN countries have asked for this provision, the Qing government lost a privilege in a country, could mean the loss of the privilege in the powers, the Qing court diplomatic at a disadvantage vulnerable position. Warships moored Port privileges Britain a five treaty ports in warship, after the commercial harbor more open more penetrated the mainland, the defense threatened. Hong Kong Island was ceded to the United Kingdom, to open foreign precedent for cede territory in the later war claimed more land to foreign Chinese territory lost complete. The consular jurisdiction so that China loses its judicial sovereignty, foreigners breaking the law is not the Chinese legal sanctions, the the Qing government can not control the illegal activities of foreigners in China.
Opium War, China to sign unequal treaties start a war actually signed up to five treaties were "Guangzhou contracts", the Nanjing Treaty, the "Mong Ha Treaty, the" Humen treaty "and" Treaty " which Whampoa Treaty in France to obtain Missionary penetrate the Chinese traditional culture; the Americans more made by the "Wangxia Treaty extraterritoriality. This allows the later Qing Empire and foreign powers signed the more unreasonable unequal treaties, so the decline in China's international status, but to cede territory and reparations for the Qing Empire is the first time the. These unequal treaties to a century after the end of World War II in 1943, was able to formally abolished.

"The economy and people's livelihood

China's foreign policy after the war is still to "Jimi". Unequal reaction of the "Nanjing Treaty" is not intense, but equal system of Chinese and British files uneasy. Economic, foreign trade is the rapid growth of the Chinese market, but also open to foreign.
Tsusho after five, the Qing Dynasty, the customs and tax rates British control, tariff sovereignty damage, the imports only smoke low rate of five percent, a large number of foreign goods dumping China can not protect the interests of the domestic industry and commerce in China. Continue to sell opium smokers increasing outflow of silver, the price of silver rose Silver Expensive situation is more serious. The significant increase in British goods imported into China, in 1837, UK exports to China, the total value of goods for more than 90 million pounds to 1845 has reached 2,390,004 thousand pounds. Serious blow to China's national industry and commerce, the originally problematic social economy worse.
Newly opened five treaty ports in the Yangtze Delta, Shanghai closest major export supplies of silk and tea origin, and is located in the affluent district of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, is also in the middle of the north-south shipping station, the Anglo-American businessman original in Guangzhou and its hired comprador floodgates opened Matheson. Anglo and France have been established along the Yellow River Concession, and continues to expand, the formation of the Shanghai International Settlement and French Concession of Shanghai. Later, the path of the center of the Shanghai International Settlement was named to commemorate the Nanjing Treaty "open Shanghai Nanjing Road. [Citation needed]

Peace Treaty signed 条约的签订

Qing retreat, the Emperor Daoguang faction seniors and Yili Bu imperial envoys, meetings and negotiations with the British army. August 4, 1842, the British warship to sail the Nanjing Shimonoseki river, Pottinger threat to limit the date of the scheduled meeting, otherwise fired siege, seniors and Yili Bu had to fully accept the terms proposed by the British. August 29, 1842, Britain signed the Treaty of Nanking, the end of the war.

The Qing government was forced to contract negotiations with the British Government in the Jinghai Temple in Nanjing, the two sides were meeting about four times in the temple.
On August 29, Chinese Qing government accepted all the meetings and the terms proposed by the United Kingdom, in Her Majesty's flagship Khan China "(translation the Kanghua Li), formally signed the first unequal treaty of modern China, the Sino-British Treaty of Nanking." meet most of the requirements in the United Kingdom.

Hong Kong Island was ceded to Britain
"Shanghai, Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo, the top five ports forced open to British trade and residence.

Powers do not want to grow in power and have more unequal treaties signed with China.

July 3, 1844, China and the United States signed a the Treaty of Wangxia.
October 24, 1844, France and China signed the "Treaty", the right to consular jurisdiction and Missionary.
October 8, 1843, the British signed Humen Treaty, re-stipulated the MFN status enjoyed by the British and the consular jurisdiction.

The war started until end 战争的经过

1st Stage

The outbreak of the war, the Chinese side only, as the British army as a barbarian, not considered a threat. In June 1840, the British commander, Chief Plenipotentiary Yi the law led troops reach the the Guangzhou sea, and in accordance with the instructions of the British Foreign Secretary Palmerston in the blockade of the Pearl River Estuary, northward offensive Zhoushan.On July 5, the British began to attack the the strategic importance Dinghai county, formal outbreak of the Opium War. July 6, Dinghai fall. Is the service, the number of British troops flagship "Marley take" the Dai of Qu Yang Baimu field reef ran aground and ripped through the bottom of the boat, "Wei Lishi" became the flagship. (China has said that the British troops the reason North guilty of Zhejiang, because being prepared already in the local operations of Lin repulsed, after turning to attack Xiamen, was also Fujian and Zhejiang Governor, Deng beat British instruction from the start offensive Dinghai August, the ship arrived in Tianjin Dagu estuary, originally advocated war Emperor Daoguang, seeing the ship approaching, it began to shake. Aug. 20, Emperor Daoguang Section of Electricity British book, Qi Shan convey Englishman allow Tsusho and punish Lin Zexu, in order to obtain the HMS Withdrawal and faction Qi Shan south Guangzhou negotiations. October, Qi Shan Acting Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Zexu, Deng was dismissed December, Qi Shan Bao through a private translation Peng Elliot negotiations to stall for time. Elliot lose patience decided postwar again to January 7, 1841, the British suddenly captured Humen bighorn Shajiao fort, the Qing garrison killed or injured more than 700 people, teachers boats, tugs Shen destroyed 11. Qishan forced to give signed "Chuanbi grass about Elliot Lin Zexu was exiled to Xinjiang, although his letter to Emperor Daoguang force words must be non-smoking and attention Haiphong so was Emperor Daoguang dismissed a nonsense. But Chuanbi grass about from beginning to end and without the approval of the emperor of China, Qi Shan did not cover with the relevant anti-India, the treaty have no legal effect.

2nd Stage

Britain too harsh as well as unauthorized signing of Qi Shan, Emperor Daoguang much dissatisfaction the Emperor Daoguang sweep the Qishan raid dismissed send Yishan, LONG Wen and Yang Fang went to Guangdong directing operations.Elliot strike first as strong, Humen Fort attack on February 23, 1841, Guangdong Admiral Guan Tianpei rate of Jingyuan the fort officers and men struggling to resist, but still lost to British the Humen Fort final the fall. May 21, Yishan make water the Army more than 1,700 people the Clippers dispatched men traveling in the night, the night attack British ship pull out rocket Pentong, throw and burned in the fire. The next morning, British troops counterattack, 2400 Qing rout. Within four days, near Guangzhou, total loss of more than 18,000 Qing best retirement city, the chaos and Yishan put up a white flag summation signed the "Guangzhou about", not only led the troops to evacuate Guangzhou, also extortion Guangzhou businesses to the British the Army paid a fee of 600 million silver dollars ransom City. British forces also withdraw the money after the Guangzhou. Guangzhou during the civil anti-British sentiment, Sanyuanli Anti-British event. Yishan in order not to punishment by the Emperor, they false exploits, or even the Battle of Waterloo as victory.

3th Stage

The British Government considers Chuanbi grass received about equity too few to replace Elliot reassignment Pottinger Huawei Plenipotentiary to expand in China's front. August 27, 1841, the British again northward, the fall of Gulangyu, Xiamen, Dinghai, Zhenhai (Ningbo) and Zhapu (Zhejiang Pinghu). Dinghai is the second break, Chief General Ge Yunfei and 4,000 officers and men killed, British forces also suffered heavy losses. British forces brief truce after the battle subsided. January 1842 offensive in central Taiwan, was the Road, Yao Ying, Taiwan and Taiwan Town Chief Dahong A repulsed. However, the British reinstall again assembled to attack the Yangtze portal Wusong, Jiangnan prefect Chen into his troops to adhere West Fort the Two Rivers Governor bovine Kam desire and ordered a retreat rejected. Cattle Kam fled, East Fort compromised, Chen into men clinging West fort, fighting alone, until killed. The Wusong defeat British troops warships into the Yangtze. July 21 more than 6600, the British defeated the Zhenjiang outside Green Camp defenders, the more the city into the room, with the 1500 Mongolia Eight Banners soldiers street fighting, the British dead 37 people injured 129 people, about 600 criminals dead, Fudu Tong Hai Age suicide. The entire city to brutally Fenlue, ruins. Zhenjiang across the Yangzhou business people, panic-stricken, five hundred and two thousand ransom city fee to pay to the British army, against military occupation. August 4, the British almost equal to Nanjing, to win the Grand Canal with the confluence of the Yangtze River in Zhenjiang, blocking water transport, the Qing government in a disadvantageous position, the Daoguang Emperor quick to summing decision.

The eve of opium war 鸦片战争的前夕

In July 1839, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon village Lin Weixi case. Drunkenness in the village, the British sailor killed villagers Lin Weixi The Lin Zexu requirements the British Commercial Director Elliot to hand over the murderer and Elliot was lenient sentence of trouble.

August 15, Lin ordered a ban on all trade, sending troops moved into Macau, further expulsion of the British. Exit. The matter thus become the fuse of the Opium War. October 1, the British Cabinet stuck to business and British people life is threatened grounds, made the decision "to send the fleet to the China Sea", although not entitled to store in the Chinese territory in accordance with Chinese law British opium.

January 5, 1840, Lin Emperor Daoguang decree, announced the lockout, the cut off for ever and British trade. January 8 nest pull the suspect, "the captain announced blockade, since January 15, the Guangzhou Port and the mouth of the Pearl River. January 16, Queen Victoria, in his speech to Congress, that is closely pay attention to the British interests in China and national dignity.

The events that occurred in China, has caused our subjects with the country's trade relations interrupted, I already very serious attention to, and will continue to pay attention to the events that affected our subjects interests with royal dignity.

In February, the British government appointed Yi laws and Elliot as positive / Vice Plenipotentiary, Yi law for the Commander of British Forces.

In April, the British Parliament this heated debate, through military action, under the influence of Queen Victoria, and the final 271 votes to 262 votes, the British government had not yet formally declared war, that military action is only a form of retaliation (reprisal), not war .

In June, the British ships led by Yi law more than 40 ships and 4,000 motorized fleet of the soldiers from India to reach the Chinese sea, marking the first Opium War officially began.

The underlying reasons for British troops, according to the analysis of Lodz Murphy, the opportunity to have free trade with the huge Chinese market, and thus be able to directly enter the Chinese market. And hope that the Qing government to be able to recognize that Britain is equal countries. Non-equality of Foreign Affairs of China due to the traditional world order, five tributary system to heavenly arrogance itself, so that Britain can not tolerate suffered contempt or neglect and marginalization, China's attitude at the time the international community has entered the modern world seem out of tune. The United Kingdom to China rejected as backward, some Westerners have a necessity to resort to force China into the modern world of mission that the benefit of both parties will. It is both arrogant and led to the outbreak of a head-on collision.

Historical significance of Humenxiaoyan 虎门销烟的影响

Humenxiaoyan wake the one hand, then a lot of patriotic people of insight, they began to reflect the new positioning of China's position in the world is no longer a "heavenly country" itself. On the other hand, also significantly inhibited the British opium trade in China, a heavy blow to the plunder of the British bourgeoisie in China trade, show the firm determination of the Chinese People's smoking ban, and the awakening of consciousness.
In addition, this event has become an example of the world's anti-smoking campaign, many national, regional history, combined with their own situation this to follow suit, to inhibit the proliferation of drugs.
The victory of the of Lin Zexu leading anti-smoking campaign, maintaining the dignity and interests of the Chinese nation. The "Humenxiaoyan important historical examples against imperialism, but also the history of mankind in the modern history of China, the unheralded feat. Historians believe that it showed the determination of the Chinese nation against foreign aggression, has a symbolic significance of the Chinese people against foreign aggression.

Historical influence of Humenxiaoyan 虎门销烟的历史意义

Humenxiaoyan some extent to curb the proliferation of opium in China, has had a positive impact in the folk. Secondly, the anti-smoking campaign has greatly increased the understanding of the majority of Chinese people on the dangers of opium, a lot of people to see the essence of the British opium trade to China, to awaken people's sense of patriotism. After this incident, Non-Smoking hero Lin Zexu been revered as a national hero. Its corruption, marked by integrity and the quality is also very descendants lips. However, Humenxiaoyan "and there is no effective rescue China veering British aggression against China but to accelerate. The reason is that the anti-smoking campaign directly damage the interests of the British bourgeoisie, the British government quickly decided to launch a long-planned war of aggression against China, "Humenxiaoyan foreign powers launched the Opium War" has become the fuse. From this perspective, "Humenxiaoyan" accelerate the pace of China's semi-colonial, largely promoted the development of China's modern history.

Destroy opium start! 虎门销烟的开始

April 22 (1839), Humenxiaoyan officially began, Humen erected a ceremony desk, hangs from the side in front of the yellow damask long streamers, a letter to the "imperial envoys have taken it for granted to the Secretary of State for the investigation and handling of Guangdong Haikou moderation amphibious battalion GovernorMinistry Church ", Guangdong senior officials all attended. Sell ​​cigarettes to the open house, plus before and after the Dragon Boat Festival, people flocked to the the Humen shallows. Foreign trafficking opium, consular, and foreign reporters, missionaries, etc., made ​​a special trip from Macau or elsewhere come to visit, which is no Englishman, to protest against the Qing government to suppress the British property.

Which C · W · gold with the same family does not stall opium American missionaries Bridgman, master mariner Benten Johnson and other people do not believe Lin Zexu a way to destroyed all opium complete, and so come to the field research. The Lin Zexu simply give them into the side of the pool, the to direct foreign observers details see sell cigarettes along the way to explain. To be to watch the whole process, after repeated visits, were completely convinced, to Lin Zexu Hats off. Later, missionaries Bridgman describes serving Chinese Repository.
Macau Monthly, Quarterly Review, "Singapore Free Press, Guangzhou discipline Times and other foreigners newspaper MILLIONS bats the continuous the reported Humenxiaoyan, and foreigners get has nothing to do with the opium trade support affirmed. The British also incident while prices rose, especially rice, silk and silver.

The Macanese government also regarding the opium ban considerable cooperation, Portuguese merchants all promise not to stall opium welcome Lin Zexu person investigating and handling. The Lin Zexu So a statement, not only Portuguese merchants normal trade to China trade will be protected, will never be bullied.

Them from April 22 to May 10 (June 20, 1839), the destruction of a total of 2,376,250 ten pounds of opium, a small number of opium to transport capital as a sample, and then destroyed.